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absolute vs. subjective morality

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby X2 » June 24th, 2015, 8:23 pm

desifemlove wrote:
zoom rader wrote:So what you think about the general Lee


not above. I mentioned slavery. Doesn't mean I cannot call it out as wicked/savage, ent? General Lee was operating the era/values of his time, nd his Union enemies were no better.



TriniTuner is rather subjective...yet no one seems to find this banter absolutely amusing ? I might be overly objective... but the fact that it works on so many levels is sweet. But morality says... if zoom rader driving the wagon... don't ride.


Yeeeee-HAW !

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 24th, 2015, 9:57 pm

Desifemlove I agree that all morality is subjective. However, as I mentioned in the other thread I believe the underlying principle "Do no harm" can guide any subjective derivative of morality in a given situation.

Note that the phrase may be expanded to mean
"Take the course of action that would result in the least net harm" and the person would need to take into account the relative importance of all persons involved from the perspective of the person making the decision

I believe that is the objective side to morality. If there is an objective side to morality it means that morality is not completely subjective but rather partially subjective all if the time.

Thoughts? Would love someone to prove this wrong as this is just my personal theory and not something written or proven in and books.

EDIT: added text in blue
Last edited by Slartibartfast on June 25th, 2015, 6:38 am, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 24th, 2015, 10:29 pm

Technically speaking Desifemlove is the most correct in stating that Morality is purely subjective.

The reason why she is correct is because there is only 1 thing in this world we can prove truly exists and is therefore truly absolute.

This one thing makes Atheists look like hypocrites, Religious people smarter & Agnostics look like they are really the smartest.

The following is probably going to shock you & probably piss you off because no one can logically dispute it and it's the only real thing you will ever know. Everything else outside of this thing I'm about to show you is simply "Blind Faith".

Here is the answer.
The only thing you can know for certain is that your thoughts exist, because "you are aware, therefore your thoughts must exist". What you perceive yourself to be is another question.

Here is why the above answer is considered the Atheist Cryptonite:
I can't even prove that I nor anyone else exists other than as a mere thought.
If you were to take the atheist stance that only in light of provable evidence should we believe that something exists outside of a thought, then all Atheist should be Solipsistic.
In fact for an Atheist to believe anyone else is real (outside of a thought) is to exercise "Blind Faith".
This would make Atheists Hypocites
This is the reason why being Agnostic on the matter of how God exists (outside of a thought) makes the most sense from a logical perspective.
Therefore it can be absolutely proven that everything exists in the form of a thought, even though I cannot prove that they exist other than as a thought

Thoughts are real. Absolute fact.
What else outside of this can be absolutely proven regardless of perspective and thus claim the title of an absolute fact?

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 25th, 2015, 6:31 am

That's all just philosophical masturbation. A wonderful exercise in thought with no practical application. Yes we cant state with certainty that anything exists, although we can't state with certainty anything doesn't exist. So far this proves my statement "can be wrong" which I already knew.

I want you to show that "it is wrong". Show me one scenario where what I have stated is wrong. Or develop your argument further to directly disprove what I have stated.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 7:04 am

Slartibartfast wrote:That's all just philosophical masturbation. A wonderful exercise in thought with practical application. Yes we cant state with certainty that anything exists, although we can't state with certainty anything doesn't exist. So far this proves my statement "can be wrong" which I already knew.

I want you to show that "it is wrong". Show me one scenario where what I have stated is wrong. Or develop your argument further to directly disprove what I have stated.

This philosophical masturbation is how we communicate.
This wonderful exercise in thought with practical application, is what we are all doing each time we try to argue a point on this thread.

I think now that we both agree that anything outside of a thought cannot be absolute it is now safe to say I cannot prove anything "IS" wrong.
"IS" means absolute in its purest form.

I really don't mean to be difficult. Honestly speaking I only started considering the applications of the word absolute & the purpose of these discussions over the last week.
It would seem that no matter what transpires in this life or even an afterlife we may never know the absolute truth despite our greatest efforts to find it.
Absolute truth will always evade us because of the unknown.
We may just keep evolving into a higher state of truthness just like Bluesclues claims he does, but never actually get there.

My only solace is now this:
I must treat life & logic like a game.
We know nothing is absolutely real but we can still make the rules by which we play by.
We make the language by which we speak & the logic by which we live by.
Some of us don't like the rules of logic & language by which we live by so we attempt to change the rules and make a new game. Eg. Tuner posters.

When it's all summed up in the end it would seem that life is just a game we play to keep ourselves from getting bored until it's all over & if we don't like the rules we simply stop playing or try a different game.

Don't worry I will answer your question shortly as I still find meaning in this game we are playing even though it isn't absolute or real. We shall make it real.

I need a moment of silence to shed a tear as my own words bring sadness to my worldview that I may never know the truth & can only fool myself into believing otherwise.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 7:16 am

Considering my last message and it's impact on my world view I am now wondering:

If atheism and theism are simply a game to keep us from getting bored, then why not play the game that we like more, not because we know it's real but because it's more entertaining to us?

Is it ok if I change games regularly depending on the mood I'm in?
Today I'm gonna play Anglican.
Friday Sunni Muslim
Saturday Seventh Day Adventist
Sunday Roman Catholic
Monday feels like an Atheist day
Tuesday & Wednesday I will be Hindu so I can pretend I reincarnated

Any Atheist want to play? We will call it a Decathagion

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 25th, 2015, 7:57 am

MD you seem to be going off the deep end. I'm worried for your mind. You seem to be living in Schodinger's universe where everything is possibly simultaneously correct and wrong because the universe is a logical box that cannot be peered into. You can only see the box from the outside to know it exists with the old philosophical axiom "I think therefore I am".

Anyway, my argument takes place from inside the boxnof existence so I am unable to continue arguing with you unless you assume existence exists the way it is perceived to exists. Hopefully by then you should be able to directly respond to my statement that has been following you for multiple pages on two threads over several days.

It's ok if you cannot directly prove it wrong. I will wait on desifemlove to come along and prove that.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 8:02 am

My perception of existence is just the one truth that thoughts exist.
Don't worry my moment of sadness is over

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby 88sins » June 25th, 2015, 9:45 am

this entire ched is absolutely subjective

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Advent » June 25th, 2015, 9:46 am

MD Marketers wrote:Technically speaking Desifemlove is the most correct in stating that Morality is purely subjective.

The reason why she is correct is because there is only 1 thing in this world we can prove truly exists and is therefore truly absolute.

This one thing makes Atheists look like hypocrites, Religious people smarter & Agnostics look like they are really the smartest.

The following is probably going to shock you & probably piss you off because no one can logically dispute it and it's the only real thing you will ever know. Everything else outside of this thing I'm about to show you is simply "Blind Faith".

The only thing you can know for certain is that your thoughts exist, because "you are aware, therefore your thoughts must exist"


REALLY ??? Solipsism? you are arguing solipsism :|
Conversation done dey yes...clearly you have very little idea of what you speak.
take me for example (since I'm certain that I'm here and you might be figments of my imagination).

If I am the only thing that exists, and the Universe is My Oyster served on a figmental half-shell, then why cannot I be surrounded by beautiful houris who do nothing but peel me half-naked grapes (or peel me grapes, half-naked, better yet) at a whim? Why do I have to plod along typing this instead of just wishing the lines onto the page? You see, Solipsism alone isn't a sufficient axiom. I need more. I need axioms to explain why I sometimes hurt, why my eyes are gradually failing as I age, why I age, why bad things happen to me. Sometimes very bad indeed.

I also need axioms to explain why my perceptions of what is nearby are so limited, but my perceptions of what is going on thousands of miles away through the glass teat of a television tube are crystal clear, complex, different, and correspond perfectly to what I see when I visit Paris, the Parthenon, India. Why and how I manage to be some sort of split personality.

If all of this is a figment of ``my'' imagination, then I've successfully managed to split myself into at least two incredibly separate beings - the artist that is constantly making up the story that I find myself embedded in, and the audience (the ``me'' that is typing this on what appears to be a laptop computer obviously created by my artistic half). The watcher within that watches the watcher watching, so to speak. Since I never perceive the artist directly, how do I know that it is ``me''?

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Advent » June 25th, 2015, 9:50 am

In case people dont want to read, watch this video of "md marketers" solipsistic position is complete BULLSH..T.............

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Altec55 » June 25th, 2015, 9:54 am

the definition of good/bad you posted uses moral in it. however you want to define moral using good/bad. so right now you spinning top in mud. you like to offroad or what? lol

in any event, check out the following 2 scenarios.

1. subjective
if morality is subjective, then so is good and bad. why? because one day you can say something is good and next day, you can say it's bad. why? because you feel like it. therefore moral, good and bad really has no meaning because it always changes.

2. absolute
good and bad is defined and finite (in my case i use the Bible), therefore morals are based on what is good or bad (which don't change because you feel one way or the other).

until you have a solid unchangeable basis for good/bad, morals will always be subjective.

so for me, morals are absolute and not subjective.

that my view the the original post.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 10:20 am

Altec55 wrote:the definition of good/bad you posted uses moral in it. however you want to define moral using good/bad. so right now you spinning top in mud. you like to offroad or what? lol

in any event, check out the following 2 scenarios.

1. subjective
if morality is subjective, then so is good and bad. why? because one day you can say something is good and next day, you can say it's bad. why? because you feel like it. therefore moral, good and bad really has no meaning because it always changes.

2. absolute
good and bad is defined and finite (in my case i use the Bible), therefore morals are based on what is good or bad (which don't change because you feel one way or the other).

until you have a solid unchangeable basis for good/bad, morals will always be subjective.

so for me, morals are absolute and not subjective.

that my view the the original post.


Was hoping someone would bring up this topic so I can finally get a reason to discuss it
Your are arguing with the English dictionary.
This is what they gave us as the definition of "good", "good will", "bad", "bad will" & "morality"
I personally don't like it.
I personally don't believe it should be used.

I however have no choice but to use it when communicating until such time as I can invent new words to have a universal meaning added in our dictionaries.

How else are you supposed to define something if we cannot use the language we speak and the defining rules of each word in reference to that language.

The challenge still remains you cannot prove:
A bad "good will" or a good "bad will"
Thus "good will" & "bad will" are objective morality

If the reason is because our dictionary doesn't properly define it, then it still remains a fact that we cannot prove it.

It may be just as true that we cannot prove a good "good will", but that wasn't the challenge.
Last edited by MD Marketers on June 25th, 2015, 10:30 am, edited 1 time in total.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Altec55 » June 25th, 2015, 10:30 am

ok, but how would you define good, bad and moral?

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 10:31 am

Altec55 wrote:ok, but how would you define good, bad and moral?

By repeating the words used in the English dictionary.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Advent » June 25th, 2015, 10:33 am

yes ignore my post on solipsism :)

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 10:53 am

I never said I believe in solipsism.
I claimed solipsist have a valid point because we can only prove 1 absolute thing.
I am ready to defend that point, not solipsism.
You are claiming I am a solipsist because I agree with one of their point of views.

That is like saying I'm a Christian simply because I believe Christ died on a cross.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Advent » June 25th, 2015, 11:05 am

MD Marketers wrote:I never said I believe in solipsism.
I claimed solipsist have a valid point because we can only prove 1 absolute thing.
I am ready to defend that point, not solipsism.
You are claiming I am a solipsist because I agree with one of their point of views.

That is like saying I'm a Christian simply because I believe Christ died on a cross.


"The only thing you can know for certain is that your thoughts exist, because "you are aware, therefore your thoughts must exist""

That is the foundation for the solipsist position though..
Since when can we only "prove" we exist ?

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Altec55 » June 25th, 2015, 11:06 am

MD Marketers wrote:
Altec55 wrote:ok, but how would you define good, bad and moral?

By repeating the words used in the English dictionary.


ohhhh ok, well then it sounds like you'll have to stay stuck spinning top in mud...until a new meaning for good and bad are discovered.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 11:46 am

Altec55 wrote:
MD Marketers wrote:
Altec55 wrote:ok, but how would you define good, bad and moral?

By repeating the words used in the English dictionary.


ohhhh ok, well then it sounds like you'll have to stay stuck spinning top in mud...until a new meaning for good and bad are discovered.


That's precisely the point desifemlove & I are trying to make.
Trying to objectively define morality is like spinning top in mud.

The only difference is im trying to make an objective definition of morality using a subjective definition of "good will & bad will" as a way of proving how it can be applied.

Would you care to show us how the definition of "good will" or "good" is considered circular logic?

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 25th, 2015, 11:56 am

Slartibartfast wrote:Here is my argument. I am going to break it down as simply as I can.

In my argument, the following words shall take on the meanings and context described below. I understand these words are general and can take on different meanings but I am aiming to streamline the argument and keep it simple.

HARM - Any injury/pain/discomfort that may be physical/emotional/mental etc.
BAD - Something that brings harm to someone or increases the effects of harm on people etc.
GOOD - Something that reduces the effects of harm on a person or a group of people.
RIGHT - An action made with intention to do something good
WRONG - An action made with intention to do something bad

My argument is that morality is not purely subjective.

My argument is that there is an underlying principle that acts as an objective underlying principle of morality (this then means that morality is not purely subjective.

The objective underlying principle can be summarised into the three following words
"DO NO HARM"

This simple phrase can be expanded to say "Do as little net harm as possible in the given situation".


Copy and pasted from the other thread because this argument is yet to be directly addressed.

I believe all morality is subjectively based upon the objective principle stated above. Note that morality would also be subjected to the perceived relative importance of all of the individuals being affected.

Show me a scenario that proves otherwise.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 12:18 pm

Sbf.
Please ask the question properly.
1 sentence. I will use your definitions to respond properly.
Try not to make it an omniscient question if you could or I'm gonna go zoom raider on you

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 25th, 2015, 12:43 pm

Directly disprove the following statement.

"Do as little net harm as possible in the given situation" is the objective underlying principle of morality.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby X2 » June 25th, 2015, 7:14 pm

Slartibartfast wrote:Directly disprove the following statement.

"Do as little net harm as possible in the given situation" is the objective underlying principle of morality.



Ah, but is that absolute... as it can be also seen as conservation... and conservation can cause error in some situations. There by, doing the right thing is not necessarily always the conservative or 'moral' thing.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 25th, 2015, 7:20 pm

Illustrate your point with a hypothetical but probable situation.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby X2 » June 25th, 2015, 8:14 pm

In some countries, water is harder to come by than a 40 year old virgin... but in others... we flush after every piss and brush our teeth with the tap on... In some African countries that would be morally wrong... but even in TnT... it's common place and no grounds for being appalled.
Unfortunately most human decisions lead toward the 'immoral scale' from a holier than thou perspective (nobody suffers but the sinners)... but there are so many hypothetical situations.

Cancer treatment... from a simple standpoint... can be quite invasive, such as radiation. Too much and you kill both the patient and the cancer... too little and the cancer comes back.

Prison system... people in jail for years for carrying a plant like substance, while others walking free after short sentences for violence, rape, murder, extortion.

Was it morally wrong to drop the bomb on the Japs and not the Germans... or was it morally wrong to have NOT dropped it on the Germans to end the war. If they did, German wouldn't be Europe's financial darling as it is today.

What if you have a family to protect and:

1) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and has an iPhone in his hand... should we shoot him ? HELL NO !!!
or

2) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and a loaded gun in his hand.... should we shoot him ? HELLS YES !!!

What if I told you this wasn't Syria or Iraq... but Trinidad.

Would you shoot in either scenario ?

And even if you did shoot... would you shoot for the head ?

Morality is flexible and can be a victim of circumstance.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 25th, 2015, 9:26 pm

Advent wrote:In case people dont want to read, watch this video of "md marketers" solipsistic position is complete BULLSH..T.............

What am I?
As I already stated I am not a solipcist.
I am also not a theist.
I am also not an atheist
I am simply an advocate of reasoning in this game we call life.
I am sometimes Agnostic & sometimes not, dependent on the mood I am in at that time.
It's just a game for me.
Some people play this game as if their very existence depends on it because they dont believe it's a game.

Logic is just a game:
1. You make the rules.
2. I agree.
3. We play.
4. Others watch, comment & decide who wins.
5. Sometimes we play it over again because we just can't admit defeat. Aka Typical Tuner.

That being said, let's play:
Watch this video carefully.
Matt is an atheist whom, on many occasions, claims that he requires absolute proof that something exists before believing in it. This is his worldview & he debates with this premise as his base premise.
Matt was asked what would it take to convince him that God exists after he stated Solipsism was BS.
His answer was that even in the face of a universal experience there is nothing that can objectively prove that God exists because we cannot ever be truly certain regardless of evidence provided.
Is this not being dishonest & hypocritical?
By that logic he should assume that everything is fake. The ultimate Solipsist. The problem is if he ever got a Theist to agree to his base premise and then begin an argument he would draw the game.
How could he sit there & still claim that even in the face of absolute proof he still would not believe that God exists.
If you want to define BS, that would be a perfect example.
If the caller had rephrased the question to:
What would it take to convince you that I exist?
Matt then gives a universally accepted explanation.
How would Matt feel if the caller says "Sorry Matt I don't really exist, I'm just a sophisticated Alien simulation"

Game Over

Absolute Truth:
Reasoning isn't about proving an absolute truth.
It's about making sense of a discussion by assuming/agreeing to a base premise, & then following a logical train of thought to arrive at a valid conclusion.
When a discussion has an agreed upon base premise you will have the ability to claim the truth within the boundaries of that argument. If the base premise isn't agreed to but all the other premises leading up to the conclusion follow logical explanation stemming from that base premise then the conclusion is logical, but not necessarily true.
Arguments are simply a game.
To win you must play.
To play you must follow the rules.
If you don't accept the rules then your not in the game.
If you're not in the game then why claim that you won?.

Questions:
Is there something more to life than it being a game for the purpose of entertaining us?
Are absolutes truly unprovable?
Do you think this game never ends?
Are you prepared to pack up & leave when the fun is all over?


A more detailed understanding of Logic:
Arguments and Inference

The Discipline of Logic

Human life is full of decisions, including significant choices about what to believe. Although everyone prefers to believe what is true, we often disagree with each other about what that is in particular instances. It may be that some of our most fundamental convictions in life are acquired by haphazard means rather than by the use of reason, but we all recognize that our beliefs about ourselves and the world often hang together in important ways.

If I believe that whales are mammals and that all mammals are fish, then it would also make sense for me to believe that whales are fish. Even someone who (rightly!) disagreed with my understanding of biological taxonomy could appreciate the consistent, reasonable way in which I used my mistaken beliefs as the foundation upon which to establish a new one. On the other hand, if I decide to believe that Hamlet was Danish because I believe that Hamlet was a character in a play by Shaw and that some Danes are Shavian characters, then even someone who shares my belief in the result could point out that I haven't actually provided good reasons for accepting its truth.

In general, we can respect the directness of a path even when we don't accept the points at which it begins and ends. Thus, it is possible to distinguish correct reasoning from incorrect reasoning independently of our agreement on substantive matters. Logic is the discipline that studies this distinction—both by determining the conditions under which the truth of certain beliefs leads naturally to the truth of some other belief, and by drawing attention to the ways in which we may be led to believe something without respect for its truth. This provides no guarantee that we will always arrive at the truth, since the beliefs with which we begin are sometimes in error. But following the principles of correct reasoning does ensure that no additional mistakes creep in during the course of our progress.

In this review of elementary logic, we'll undertake a broad survey of the major varieties of reasoning that have been examined by logicians of the Western philosophical tradition. We'll see how certain patterns of thinking do invariably lead from truth to truth while other patterns do not, and we'll develop the skills of using the former while avoiding the latter. It will be helpful to begin by defining some of the technical terms that describe human reasoning in general.



The Structure of Argument

Our fundamental unit of what may be asserted or denied is the proposition (or statement) that is typically expressed by a declarative sentence. Logicians of earlier centuries often identified propositions with the mental acts of affirming them, often called judgments, but we can evade some interesting but thorny philosophical issues by avoiding this locution.

Propositions are distinct from the sentences that convey them. "Smith loves Jones" expresses exactly the same proposition as "Jones is loved by Smith," while the sentence "Today is my birthday" can be used to convey many different propositions, depending upon who happens to utter it, and on what day. But each proposition is either true or false. Sometimes, of course, we don't know which of these truth-values a particular proposition has ("There is life on the third moon of Jupiter" is presently an example), but we can be sure that it has one or the other.

The chief concern of logic is how the truth of some propositions is connected with the truth of another. Thus, we will usually consider a group of related propositions. An argument is a set of two or more propositions related to each other in such a way that all but one of them (the premises) are supposed to provide support for the remaining one (the conclusion). The transition or movement from premises to conclusion, the logical connection between them, is the inference upon which the argument relies.

Notice that "premise" and "conclusion" are here defined only as they occur in relation to each other within a particular argument. One and the same proposition can (and often does) appear as the conclusion of one line of reasoning but also as one of the premises of another. A number of words and phrases are commonly used in ordinary language to indicate the premises and conclusion of an argument, although their use is never strictly required, since the context can make clear the direction of movement. What distinguishes an argument from a mere collection of propositions is the inference that is supposed to hold between them.

Thus, for example, "The moon is made of green cheese, and strawberries are red. My dog has fleas." is just a collection of unrelated propositions; the truth or falsity of each has no bearing on that of the others. But "Helen is a physician. So Helen went to medical school, since all physicians have gone to medical school." is an argument; the truth of its conclusion, "Helen went to medical school," is inferentially derived from its premises, "Helen is a physician." and "All physicians have gone to medical school."

Recognizing Arguments

It's important to be able to identify which proposition is the conclusion of each argument, since that's a necessary step in our evaluation of the inference that is supposed to lead to it. We might even employ a simple diagram to represent the structure of an argument, numbering each of the propositions it comprises and drawing an arrow to indicate the inference that leads from its premise(s) to its conclusion.

Don't worry if this procedure seems rather tentative and uncertain at first. We'll be studying the structural features of logical arguments in much greater detail as we proceed, and you'll soon find it easy to spot instances of the particular patterns we encounter most often. For now, it is enough to tell the difference between an argument and a mere collection of propositions and to identify the intended conclusion of each argument.



Even that isn't always easy, since arguments embedded in ordinary language can take on a bewildering variety of forms. Again, don't worry too much about this; as we acquire more sophisticated techniques for representing logical arguments, we will deliberately limit ourselves to a very restricted number of distinct patterns and develop standard methods for expressing their structure. Just remember the basic definition of an argument: it includes more than one proposition, and it infers a conclusion from one or more premises. So "If John has already left, then either Jane has arrived or Gail is on the way." can't be an argument, since it is just one big (compound) proposition. But "John has already left, since Jane has arrived." is an argument that proposes an inference from the fact of Jane's arrival to the conclusion, "John has already left." If you find it helpful to draw a diagram, please make good use of that method to your advantage.





Our primary concern is to evaluate the reliability of inferences, the patterns of reasoning that lead from premises to conclusion in a logical argument. We'll devote a lot of attention to what works and what does not. It is vital from the outset to distinguish two kinds of inference, each of which has its own distinctive structure and standard of correctness.



Deductive Inferences

When an argument claims that the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusion, it is said to involve a deductive inference. Deductive reasoning holds to a very high standard of correctness. A deductive inference succeeds only if its premises provide such absolute and complete support for its conclusion that it would be utterly inconsistent to suppose that the premises are true but the conclusion false.

Notice that each argument either meets this standard or else it does not; there is no middle ground. Some deductive arguments are perfect, and if their premises are in fact true, then it follows that their conclusions must also be true, no matter what else may happen to be the case. All other deductive arguments are no good at all—their conclusions may be false even if their premises are true, and no amount of additional information can help them in the least.



Inductive Inferences

When an argument claims merely that the truth of its premises make it likely or probable that its conclusion is also true, it is said to involve an inductive inference. The standard of correctness for inductive reasoning is much more flexible than that for deduction. An inductive argument succeeds whenever its premises provide some legitimate evidence or support for the truth of its conclusion. Although it is therefore reasonable to accept the truth of that conclusion on these grounds, it would not be completely inconsistent to withhold judgment or even to deny it outright.

Inductive arguments, then, may meet their standard to a greater or to a lesser degree, depending upon the amount of support they supply. No inductive argument is either absolutely perfect or entirely useless, although one may be said to be relatively better or worse than another in the sense that it recommends its conclusion with a higher or lower degree of probability. In such cases, relevant additional information often affects the reliability of an inductive argument by providing other evidence that changes our estimation of the likelihood of the conclusion.



It should be possible to differentiate arguments of these two sorts with some accuracy already. Remember that deductive arguments claim to guarantee their conclusions, while inductive arguments merely recommend theirs. Or ask yourself whether the introduction of any additional information—short of changing or denying any of the premises—could make the conclusion seem more or less likely; if so, the pattern of reasoning is inductive.



Truth and Validity

Since deductive reasoning requires such a strong relationship between premises and conclusion, we will spend the majority of this survey studying various patterns of deductive inference. It is therefore worthwhile to consider the standard of correctness for deductive arguments in some detail.

Premises, Inferences & Conclusions:
True Valid True
True Valid XXXX
True Invalid True
True Invalid False
False Valid True
False Valid False
False Invalid True
False Invalid False

A deductive argument is said to be valid when the inference from premises to conclusion is perfect. Here are two equivalent ways of stating that standard:
•If the premises of a valid argument are true, then its conclusion must also be true.
•It is impossible for the conclusion of a valid argument to be false while its premises are true.
(Considering the premises as a set of propositions, we will say that the premises are true only on those occasions when each and every one of those propositions is true.) Any deductive argument that is not valid is invalid: it is possible for its conclusion to be false while its premises are true, so even if the premises are true, the conclusion may turn out to be either true or false.
Notice that the validity of the inference of a deductive argument is independent of the truth of its premises; both conditions must be met in order to be sure of the truth of the conclusion. Of the eight distinct possible combinations of truth and validity, only one is ruled out completely.
The only thing that cannot happen is for a deductive argument to have true premises and a valid inference but a false conclusion.
Some logicians designate the combination of true premises and a valid inference as a sound argument; it is a piece of reasoning whose conclusion must be true. The trouble with every other case is that it gets us nowhere, since either at least one of the premises is false, or the inference is invalid, or both. The conclusions of such arguments may be either true or false, so they are entirely useless in any effort to gain new information.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Slartibartfast » June 26th, 2015, 8:20 am

X2 wrote:In some countries, water is harder to come by than a 40 year old virgin... but in others... we flush after every piss and brush our teeth with the tap on... In some African countries that would be morally wrong... but even in TnT... it's common place and no grounds for being appalled.Morally wrong to waste a rare but essential for life commodity. Wastage in where you speak of can mean somebody can very likely go without and you cannot live without water (can cause harm). In Trinidad there is no such consequence to flushing your toilet after every piss (extremely unlikely to cause harm)
Unfortunately most human decisions lead toward the 'immoral scale' from a holier than thou perspective (nobody suffers but the sinners)... but there are so many hypothetical situations.

Cancer treatment... from a simple standpoint... can be quite invasive, such as radiation. Too much and you kill both the patient and the cancer... too little and the cancer comes back.Not sure what this is meant to prove. Arguments needs further development

Prison system... people in jail for years for carrying a plant like substance, while others walking free after short sentences for violence, rape, murder, extortion.I think punishing a smoker (for smoking and possessing herbs only) as though they were are murderer or rapist causes more harm than letting them walk free or sending them to rehab. Therefore I believe this is morally wrong.

Was it morally wrong to drop the bomb on the Japs and not the Germans... or was it morally wrong to have NOT dropped it on the Germans to end the war. If they did, German wouldn't be Europe's financial darling as it is today.The following video discusses precisely that. Notice that they use the reasoning "Do as little net harm as possible" to argue their point.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmIBbcxseXM


What if you have a family to protect and:

1) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and has an iPhone in his hand... should we shoot him ? HELL NO !!! Shooting him would cause more harm than not shooting him.
or

2) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and a loaded gun in his hand.... should we shoot him ? HELLS YES !!!You place a higher importance on the life of you and your family over the life of the stranger. From your perspective shooting the stranger would result in less net harm

What if I told you this wasn't Syria or Iraq... but Trinidad.

Would you shoot in either scenario ?The country is irrelevant. If I viewed the assailant as an immediate threat and I had the opportunity I would shoot without hesitation for the reason stated above.

And even if you did shoot... would you shoot for the head ?Centre mass... three times while moving out of the way. My aim is to neutralise the threat for the reasons stated above. I can miss if I try shooting for the head and if I hit I think it would be hard on his loved ones when they have to view the body to identify him/ at the funeral and they did not wrong to have to suffer that grief. That second point of course is my own point of view and another person may place zero importance on that. Given the situation, I owe nothing to the victim's family and choosing where I shoot him does not change the morality of the action of getting rid of the threat. If he dies or doesn't is not my concern. My only concern is that my family and I live for precisely the reasons stated earlier

Morality is flexible and can be a victim of circumstance.Yes I agree with this. I have agreed with this from the very beginning. Read over my argument.


I agree that all of morality is subjective to the circumstances and individuals involved. However, using your examples with the iphone and the gun visitors above, we tend to agree on what is morally right and wrong. I was aiming to find out "What is it that makes us agree on what is morally right and wrong?". How is it that we, as two complete strangers, can agree that it is wrong to shoot someone showing up to your house with an iPhone.

My answer is that in all cases, we innately start with the statement "Do no harm" and subjectively build upon that taking into consideration all that we are aware of at the point in time to reach a morally acceptable decision. Note that in most cases there would not be a "morally best" decision because there may be differences in how people interpret a situation. Like in your example above, I believe it is best to shoot for centre mass three times. You may say shoot to the chest once. Another might say shoot of the head twice. In the end, all actions aim to save you and your family and are therefore all morally acceptable.

P.S. MD please ignore this entire post. You are only required to reply to my extremely simplified "one liner" argument.

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby Duane 3NE 2NR » June 26th, 2015, 12:43 pm

teems1 wrote:Historic decision by the SCOTUS to legalize gay marriage across all states.

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-26/gay-marriage-legalized-nationwide-by-u-s-supreme-court-ibdovxv1

The religious conservative are probably fuming at the mouth

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Re: absolute vs. subjective morality

Postby MD Marketers » June 26th, 2015, 8:45 pm

Slartibartfast wrote:
X2 wrote:In some countries, water is harder to come by than a 40 year old virgin... but in others... we flush after every piss and brush our teeth with the tap on... In some African countries that would be morally wrong... but even in TnT... it's common place and no grounds for being appalled.Morally wrong to waste a rare but essential for life commodity. Wastage in where you speak of can mean somebody can very likely go without and you cannot live without water (can cause harm). In Trinidad there is no such consequence to flushing your toilet after every piss (extremely unlikely to cause harm)
Unfortunately most human decisions lead toward the 'immoral scale' from a holier than thou perspective (nobody suffers but the sinners)... but there are so many hypothetical situations.

Cancer treatment... from a simple standpoint... can be quite invasive, such as radiation. Too much and you kill both the patient and the cancer... too little and the cancer comes back.Not sure what this is meant to prove. Arguments needs further development

Prison system... people in jail for years for carrying a plant like substance, while others walking free after short sentences for violence, rape, murder, extortion.I think punishing a smoker (for smoking and possessing herbs only) as though they were are murderer or rapist causes more harm than letting them walk free or sending them to rehab. Therefore I believe this is morally wrong.

Was it morally wrong to drop the bomb on the Japs and not the Germans... or was it morally wrong to have NOT dropped it on the Germans to end the war. If they did, German wouldn't be Europe's financial darling as it is today.The following video discusses precisely that. Notice that they use the reasoning "Do as little net harm as possible" to argue their point.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BmIBbcxseXM


What if you have a family to protect and:

1) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and has an iPhone in his hand... should we shoot him ? HELL NO !!! Shooting him would cause more harm than not shooting him.
or

2) A scruffy looking stranger is approaching the front door... he's carrying a back pack and a loaded gun in his hand.... should we shoot him ? HELLS YES !!!You place a higher importance on the life of you and your family over the life of the stranger. From your perspective shooting the stranger would result in less net harm

What if I told you this wasn't Syria or Iraq... but Trinidad.

Would you shoot in either scenario ?The country is irrelevant. If I viewed the assailant as an immediate threat and I had the opportunity I would shoot without hesitation for the reason stated above.

And even if you did shoot... would you shoot for the head ?Centre mass... three times while moving out of the way. My aim is to neutralise the threat for the reasons stated above. I can miss if I try shooting for the head and if I hit I think it would be hard on his loved ones when they have to view the body to identify him/ at the funeral and they did not wrong to have to suffer that grief. That second point of course is my own point of view and another person may place zero importance on that. Given the situation, I owe nothing to the victim's family and choosing where I shoot him does not change the morality of the action of getting rid of the threat. If he dies or doesn't is not my concern. My only concern is that my family and I live for precisely the reasons stated earlier

Morality is flexible and can be a victim of circumstance.Yes I agree with this. I have agreed with this from the very beginning. Read over my argument.


I agree that all of morality is subjective to the circumstances and individuals involved. However, using your examples with the iphone and the gun visitors above, we tend to agree on what is morally right and wrong. I was aiming to find out "What is it that makes us agree on what is morally right and wrong?". How is it that we, as two complete strangers, can agree that it is wrong to shoot someone showing up to your house with an iPhone.

My answer is that in all cases, we innately start with the statement "Do no harm" and subjectively build upon that taking into consideration all that we are aware of at the point in time to reach a morally acceptable decision. Note that in most cases there would not be a "morally best" decision because there may be differences in how people interpret a situation. Like in your example above, I believe it is best to shoot for centre mass three times. You may say shoot to the chest once. Another might say shoot of the head twice. In the end, all actions aim to save you and your family and are therefore all morally acceptable.

P.S. MD please ignore this entire post. You are only required to reply to my extremely simplified "one liner" argument.

You keep making the claim:
This act is bad in all instances because it cannot be proven good in this instance.
This is an invalid argument for Objective Morality. The inference is invalid, therefore the conclusion is invalid. It cannot be put to the test of logical reasoning.

Here is an example of a proper argument for Objective morality:
This act is bad in all instances because it cannot be proven as good in any instance.

A listener can now attempt to prove you wrong by envisioning any hypothetical situation in relation to the act in question. If they are unable to envision such a scenario then your conclusion is objectively valid.
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